Serological and Molecular Survey of Brucella Species in Owners and Their Dogs Living on Island and Mainland Seashore Areas of Brazil.

Background: Although Brucella abortus, Brucella suis, and Brucella canis may infect humans and dogs worldwide, no study to date has assessed and compared owners and their dogs between island and mainland seashore areas. Materials and Methods: Accordingly, the study herein has applied serological tests, including Microplate Agglutination Test with 2-Mercaptoethanol, immunochromatographic assay, and Rose Bengal Test, and a Brucella genus-specific PCR assay to 195 owners and their 148 dogs living on 1 mainland seashore area and three nearby oceanic islands of southern Brazil. Results: No seropositivity to B. abortus and B. suis was detected in owner or dog sera. Anti-B. canis seropositivity was observed in 3/148 (2.0%) dogs, but no owner sample was seropositive to B. canis. In addition, all blood samples from both owners and dogs were negative on Brucella genus-specific PCR assay. Conclusions: The seropositive dogs were not related and lived on the seashore mainland area of Guaraqueçaba city. The absence of seropositivity on the islands and the low seropositivity on the seashore mainland could be attributed to geographic isolation, and suggest the low impact of the disease in the region. Despite being a zoonotic disease, brucellosis by B. canis is not included in the National Program for Control and Eradication of Brucellosis, and its diagnosis and notification are not mandatory. The presence of seropositive dogs highlights the risk to human health and the importance of epidemiological surveillance actions in the region, as well as the need for the implantation of preventive measures to avoid the transmission of the pathogen.

Symmetrical parapagus diprosopus: A comparative, computed tomographic, and pathoanatomical study of a new case in domestic pig.

BACKGROUND: Parapagus diprosopus are conjoined twins characterized by craniofacial duplication and only one body, representing one of the rarest types of these twins. Their occurrence has been recorded in different species of vertebrates, including humans, but few cases have been studied in domestic pigs. CASE: A pair of conjoined twin pigs was studied using x-rays, computed tomography, and necropsy. The abnormalities found were compared with those of the rare swine cases presented in the literature as well as with other species, and the different etiopathogenetic possibilities were addressed. The degree of duplication of the head bones decreased caudally, as did that of the structures of the central nervous system. In the two oral cavities, there was a complete cleft palate. All the cervical vertebrae and thoracic vertebrae up to T3 were partially duplicated. The heart and great vessels were normal, as were the other thoracic and abdominal organs. CONCLUSIONS: The conjoined twin pigs of this study are a case of parapagus diprosopus tetraophthalmus triotus, presenting the same pattern of abnormalities of human diprosopus and that of other species. The scarcity of detailed studies on craniofacial duplication in pigs and the lack of a definitive explanation on the etiology and pathogenesis of conjoined twins shows the need for further research and the publication of more cases.

Spatial Owner-Dog Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. Antibodies in Oceanic Islands and Costal Mainland of Southern Brazil.

Leptospirosis has been described as a disease neglected worldwide. Affecting humans and animals, the disease is often related to poor environmental conditions such as lack of sanitation and presence of synanthropic rodents. Despite being considered as a One Health issue, no study has focused on comparing owner-dog seroprevalence between islands and seashore mainland. Accordingly, the present study assessed anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies by applying microscopic agglutination test (MAT) methods to Leptospira and assessing associated risk factors via univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of owners and their dogs in islands and seashore mainland of southern Brazil. No anti-Leptospira spp. Seropositivity was found in 330 owner serum samples, while dogs presented an overall seroprevalence of 5.9%. All seropositive dogs reacted to serogroups of Leptospira interrogans, including 66.7% of Pyrogenes, 44.4% Canicola, 22.2% Icterohaemorrhagiae, 16.7% Australis; six reacted to more than one serogroup. No association was found among seropositivity and epidemiological variables, except that neighborhood dogs were less likely to be seropositive. Although no seropositivity was observed in owners, seropositivity in dogs had the potential to indicate such species as being sentinels for environmental exposure and potential human risk of infection.

Antibiotic usage patterns in exotic pets: A study in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.

Background: The link between the reckless use of antimicrobials with the increasing development of multidrug-resistant strains of antibiotics is well established. To control the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), action plans, recommendations and guidelines on the prudent use of antibiotics have been developed for food-producing animals and companion animals but appear to be lacking in exotic pets due to the scarcity of data and information on the use of antibiotics in these species. Aim: The purpose of this study is to bring qualitative and quantitative data regarding the use of antimicrobials in exotic pets in a veterinary center in southern Brazil, seeking to measure the consumption of these animals to determine and guide future actions to combat AMR. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted by surveying 2,190 open care records in a specialized clinic of wildlife medicine in 2018. Data evaluation was performed in a descriptive, qualitative, and quantitative way, and the analysis of antimicrobial consumption was performed by calculating the daily dose/g of animal ml/day/kg by animal order, condition and active principle, adaptation to DDDVet. For statistical analysis, Levene´s, ANOVA followed by Tukey´s tests were used. Results: Approximately 57% (1250/2190) of the visits made use of one or more antimicrobials in the treatment of animals referred to the clinic. Of these, 67% (n = 839) were birds, 26% (n = 327) were mammals, and 7% (n = 84) were reptiles. In 2018, the total consumption of antimicrobials prescribed was 2.21 l for a total biomass of 129.24 kg. The relation between the dosages of the main antimicrobials used and the conditions treated showed that there is no variation between the treatments by disease and by animal class, due to the great variation within each group. Conclusion: The antimicrobial prescription in exotic pets requires a multifaceted and dynamic approach applied to safeguard the efficacy of the antimicrobials, optimizing consumption, minimizing the emergence of AMR and other possible adverse effects, and considering the physiological differences present within each species. The doses between the different classes and conditions do not obtain a significant difference, reflected in a possible nonstandardization of the dosages used, requiring further investigation of the recommended dosages for each animal species, avoiding the over or underdosing of these drugs. It is worth highlighting that professionals must always make rational use of antimicrobials in these species.

Seropositivity of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Owners and Their Dogs Living on Island and Mainland Seashore Areas of Southern Brazil.

Although toxoplasmosis has been considered among the most neglected zoonoses worldwide, no study has focused on the frequency and associated risk factors of owners and their dogs living on an island and mainland seashore areas. Accordingly, anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies were screened by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) in owners and dogs from three oceanic islands and two nearby mainland harbor areas, with associated risk factors for toxoplasmosis assessed by univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Overall, anti-T. gondii seropositivity was observed in 59/328 (18.0%) owners and 66/283 (23.3%) dogs, with no statistical difference between owners (p = 0.360) and dogs (p = 0.655) from islands and mainland areas. Consumption of local water springs (p = 0.016; OR = 2.11) was an associated risk factor for T. gondii seropositivity, and owners with the habit of spring water intake were twice more likely seropositive (p = 0.014; OR = 2.14). Presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in dogs was associated with seropositive owners (p = 0.008; OR = 2.81), household consumption of beef meat (p = 0.042; OR = 1.7) and chicken (p = 0.026; OR = 2.9). Despite being lower than the worldwide prevalence, toxoplasmosis seropositivity in owners and their dogs in southern Brazil was influenced by the positive owner, water source, and meat consumption, and not by inhabiting islands or seashore mainland areas, presence of dogs, cats, or both. In addition, drinking water quality should always be considered a critical risk factor for toxoplasmosis on islands.

Epidemiology of Rickettsia spp. in Atlantic rainforest areas of island and seashore mainland, southern Brazil.

Non-fatal cases of rickettsial infection with different clinical features than the classic BSF (Brazilian Spotted Fever) have been reported in seashore areas of Paraná state, southern Brazil. In addition, Amblyomma ovale tick infected by Rickettsia parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest has been also described in this area. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of anti-Rickettsia spp. antibodies in human and dog populations, and Rickettsia spp. infection in ticks from oceanic islands and seashore mainland cities of southern Brazil. Serum samples were collected from 328 persons and their 282 dogs from three islands and two seashore mainland cities. A total of 211 ticks were collected from dogs, identified as A. ovale and R. sanguineus. In overall, 40 of 328 (12.2%) human samples were seropositive for Rickettsia spp., including 21 of 190 (11.1%) on islands and 19 of 138 (13.7%) on seashore mainland, and 62 of 282 (22.0%) dog samples, including 31 of 153 (20.3%) on islands and 31 of 129 (24.0%) in seashore mainland areas. In overall, nine of 82 (11.0%) ticks were positive to real-time PCR assay targeting a fragment of the rickettsial gltA gene, including two of 64 (3.1%) Rickettsia sanguineus and seven of 18 (38.9%) A. ovale, of which four were infected with the R. parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest. Despite no association between risk factors and Rickettsia spp. seropositivity was found in human beings, access to natural areas (p = .011) and tick infestation (p = .004) was significantly associated to dog seropositivity. The serological and molecular findings herein have confirmed previous tick and clinical case reports and enlarged the geographical occurrence of A. ovale infected by R. parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest in oceanic islands and seashore mainland cities of Paraná State, indicating a new likely transmission area of this new rickettsial infection in human beings and dogs of southern Brazil.

Inborn Errors of Metabolism in Dogs: Historical, Metabolic, Genetic, and Clinical Aspects.

Inborn errors of metabolism are genetic disorders caused by a block in a metabolic pathway, affecting both humans and animals. Individually, they are rare diseases, but as a group they are relatively common. As most of them have recessive inheritance, a new case may seem like just a sporadic case. The high degree of inbreeding in dog breeds increases the frequency of heterozygotes in populations, maintaining mutations (variants) in healthy individuals and, consequently, increasing the risk of disease recurrence (homozygotes). General practitioners' familiarization with this subject is a significant factor in identifying new cases, contributing to increased knowledge about inborn errors of metabolism and their control. To help general practitioners, we use a clinical genetics approach covering key genetic, metabolic, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects, offering an overview that integrates knowledge about these diseases in dogs and humans.

One Health approach on human seroprevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies, Toxocara spp. eggs in dogs and sand samples between seashore mainland and island areas of southern Brazil.

Toxocariasis, caused by Toxocara spp. nematodes, is among the top 5 neglected parasitic diseases worldwide; however, no comprehensive study to date has serologically compared infections in people and their dogs and environmentally contaminated soil or sand of mainland and island locations. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in traditional human seashore populations, the presence of eggs in dogs' feces and hair, and the presence of eggs in environmental samples from islands compared to the adjacent mainland of southern Brazil. Overall, 212/328 (64.6%) people were positive for Toxocara spp. antibodies, including 125/190 (65.8%) island and 87/138 (63.0%) mainland residents. For dog samples, 12/115 (10.43%) were positive for the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs, all from dogs living in islands, and 22/104 (21.15%) dog hair samples contained eggs of Toxocara spp. Environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs was observed in 50/130 (38.46%) samples from all sampled sites. No significant association was found between risk factors (age, sex, educational level, monthly income, owning dogs or cats, ingestion of treated water, and consumption of raw or uncooked meat) and Toxocara spp. seropositivity. The present study is the first concurrent report on people, their dogs, and environmental contamination of Toxocara spp. The high prevalence we observed in the seashore populations of both in island and mainland areas may be caused by exposure to contaminated sand and climatic factors favoring frequent exposure to Toxocara spp. In conclusion, seashore lifestyle and living conditions of both island and mainland areas may have predisposed higher contact with infected pets and contaminated soil, favoring the high prevalence of toxocariasis.

From the Approach to the Concept: One Health in Latin America-Experiences and Perspectives in Brazil, Chile, and Colombia.

Professionals throughout the world have been working to assess the interdisciplinary interaction and interdependence between health and wellbeing in a constantly changing environment. The One Health concept was developed to encourage sustainable collaborative partnerships and to promote optimal health for people, animals, plants, the environment, and the whole planet. The dissemination of scientific discoveries and policies, by working directly with diverse communities, has been one of the main goals for Global One Health. The One Health concept has also been referred or related to as "One Medicine, One Medicine-One Health, One World-One Health, EcoHealth," and Planetary Health," depending on each fundamental view and approach. In Latin America, despite the concept still being discussed among health professionals and educators, several One Health initiatives have been used daily for more than decades. One Health action has been applied especially in rural and underserved urban areas where low socioeconomic status, lack of health professionals, and scarcity of medical resources may require professionals to work together. Local communities from diverse social and economic statuses, including indigenous populations have been working with institutions and social organizations for many years, accomplishing results through grassroots movements. These "bottom-up" socio-community approaches have also been tools for the prevention and control of diseases, such practice has preceded the One Health concepts in Latin American countries. It is strongly believed that collaborative, multidisciplinary, political, and economic initiatives with prosocial focus may become investments toward obtaining significant results in the face of global, economic and health challenges; working for a healthier world with inclusivity, equity, and equality. In this study, it is briefly presented how the One Health approach has been initiated and developed in Latin America, highlighting the events and actions taken in Brazil, Chile, and Colombia.

Recovery of motricity and micturition after transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells in rats subjected to spinal cord injury.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of human adipose-derived stem cell (hADSC) infusion on impaired hindlimb function and urinary continence after spinal cord contusion in rats. hADSCs were transplanted into the injured spinal cords of rats 7 and 14 days after injury in two groups (B and C). Group C also received methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) after 3 h of injury. The control group (group A) did not receive corticoids or stem cells. Voiding and motor performance evaluations were performed daily for 90 days post-transplantation. Cells were labeled with PKH26 or PKH67 for in vitro monitoring. For in vivo screening, the cells were evaluated for bioluminescence. The levels of some cytokines were quantified in different times. Euthanasia was performed 90 days post-transplant. ß-tubulin III expression was evaluated in the spinal cord of the animals from all groups. As a result, we observed a recovery of 66.6 % and 61.9 % in urinary continence of animals from groups B and C, respectively. Partial recovery of motor was observed in 23.8 % and 19 % of the animals from groups B and C, respectively. Cells remained viable at the site up to 90 days after transplantation. No significant difference was observed in levels of cytokines and thickness of urinary bladders between groups. A smaller percentage of tissue injury and higher concentrations of neuropils were observed in the spinal cords of the animals from groups B and C than control group. Thus, hADSCs transplantation with or without MPSS, contributed to the improvement in voiding and motor performance of Wistar rats submitted to compressive spinal cord injury.

A Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia Arising From a New Mutation in a Yorkshire Terrier Dog.

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasias (HED) constitute a group of genetic disorders that affect ectodermal derivatives such as sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, and teeth. The vast majority of cases of HED are caused by a recessive mutation of the EDA gene located in the X chromosome. In these cases, affected individuals are usually male and have alopecia and hypotrichosis with characteristic distribution, in addition to malformed teeth and fewer than normal. From a canine HED isolated case (proband) andc in order to verify if this emerged from a new mutation, it was possible to construct a pedigree with 5 generations and 93 individuals representing an extended and informative family. The proband's mother crossed with 2 different males and generated 33 descendants in 9 gestations: 1 affected male (proband), 15 normal males, and 17 normal females, which together can be considered as 1 sibship. Through Bayesian inference, it was possible to establish that this case originated from a new mutation, with a 99.99% probability of the mother of the proband not being a carrier.

Comparison of the Efficacy of Surgical Decompression Alone and Combined With Canine Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cell Transplantation in Dogs With Acute Thoracolumbar Disk Disease and Spinal Cord Injury.

Paraparesis and paraplegia are common conditions in dogs, most often caused by a disc herniation in the thoracolumbar spinal segments (T3-L3), which is a neurological emergency. Surgical decompression should be performed as soon as possible when spinal compression is revealed by myelography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. Mesenchymal stem-cell therapy is a promising adjunct treatment for spinal cord injury. This study sought to compare the effects of surgical decompression alone and combined with an allogeneic transplantation of canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cAd-MSCs) in the treatment of dogs with acute paraplegia. Twenty-two adult dogs of different breeds with acute paraplegia resulting from a Hansen type I disc herniation in the thoracolumbar region (T3-L3) were evaluated using computed tomography. All dogs had grade IV or V lesions and underwent surgery within 7 days after symptom onset. They were randomly assigned into two groups, 11 dogs in each. The dogs in Group I underwent hemilaminectomy, and those in Group II underwent hemilaminectomy and cAd-MSC epidural transplantation. In both groups, all dogs with grade IV lesions recovered locomotion. The median locomotion recovery period was 7 days for Group II and 21 days for Group I, and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Moreover, the median length of hospitalization after the surgery was statistically different between the two groups (Group I, 4 days; Group II, 3 days; p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant between-group differences regarding the number of animals with grade IV or V lesions that recovered locomotion and nociception. In conclusion, compared with surgical decompression alone, the use of epidural cAd-MSC transplantation with surgical decompression may contribute to faster locomotor recovery in dogs with acute paraplegia and reduce the length of post-surgery hospitalization.

Mycotoxins in dry-cured meats: A review.

Dry-cured meats products are consumed in various regions of the world and, consumers are increasingly demanding better quality and safety of these products. Some fungal species can produce mycotoxins in drycured meats, such as aflatoxins and ochratoxins, which, when ingested, can produce carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in humans. Contamination of these products can occur at different points of the production chain, from the field (animal contaminated with feed) to the production or storage of the final product. Although the presence of mycotoxins in drycured meats has been reported in several regions of the world, the presence of these contaminants are not legislated in most countries. Therefore, it is important to put in place methods to identify and reduce the contamination of dry-cured meats, minimizing the consumption and deleterious effects caused by mycotoxins. This review aimed to describe mycotoxin-producing fungi, mycotoxins, the relationship between human food and animal feed; legislation; incidence, identification and control methods for mycotoxins in dry-cured meats intended for human consumption.

Perfis clínico e laboratorial de cães de abrigo submetidos a esterilização / Evaluation of clinical and laboratorial profiles of shelter dogs submitted to sterilizations

We evaluated the clinical and laboratory profile of 90 dogs shelters undergoing ovariohysterectomy and orchiectomy. Preoperative evaluation was performed by clinical examination, blood tests, coagulation tests, fecal, hemoparasites research, urinalysis and biochemical tests. Participants animals, 53.33% were female; 93.3% were mixed breed (SRD); the mean age was 3.56 ± 1.32 years and average weight of 10.87 ± 6.08 kg; 65.55% had normal body score and 42.22% were considered friendly dogs. In general clinical examination, the main changes were the rectal temperature and respiratory rate, the specific examination was observed pulicilose, itching, seborrhea and dermatitis. It was 18.60% anemia in animal and its intensity was correlated with the body condition score, but this correlation was not observed with the presence of hypoalbuminemia. The leukocyte count values Neutrophils and rods were high, but due to stress. In urinalysis, the main changes were found in the density, appearance and presence of bacteria. When fecal examination, 65.45% of the animals were diagnosed with Ancylostoma sp. and Trichuris sp. Shelter dogs showed changes in the blood tests, suggesting that have clinical and laboratory profiles themselves, because no changes were suggestive of pathology, probably a stress condition and nutritional deficiency.

Avaliou-se o perfil clínico e laboratorial de 90 cães de abrigos submetidos à ovariohisterectomia e orquiectomia. A avaliação préoperatória foi realizada por exame clínico, hemograma, coagulograma, coproparasitológico, pesquisa de hemoparasitas, urinálise e exames bioquímicos. Dos animais participantes, 53,33% eram fêmeas; 93,3% eram sem raça definida (SRD); a idade média foi de 3,56 ± 1,32 anos e peso médio de 10,87 ± 6,08 kg; 65,55% apresentaram escore corporal normal e 42,22% foram considerados cães dóceis. No exame clínico geral, as principais alterações foram da temperatura retal e frequência respiratória, no exame específico foi observado pulicilose, prurido, seborréia e dermatites. Verificou-se anemia em 18,60% dos animais e sua intensidade apresentou correlação com o escore corporal, mas esta correlação não foi observada com a presença de hipoalbuminemia. Os valores de contagem de leucócitos, neutrófilos e bastonetes estavam elevados, porém decorrentes de estresse. Na urinálise, as principais alterações encontradas foram na densidade, aspecto e presença de bactérias. Ao exame coproparasitológico, 65,45% dos animais foram diagnosticados com Ancylostoma sp. e Trichuris sp. Os cães de abrigo apresentaram alterações nos exames realizados, sugerindo que possuem perfis clínico e laboratorial próprios, pois nenhuma alteração foi sugestiva de patologia, provavelmente por uma condição de estresse e deficiência nutricional.

Percepção e atitudes do ser humano sobre guarda responsável, zoonoses, controle populacional e cães em vias públicas / Perception and attitudes of the sample population on responsible custody, zoonosis and stray dogs

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a percepção sobre guarda responsável, zoonoses, controle populacional de cães e gatos e a situação de cães de rua, de uma amostra de pessoas pertencentes à Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná. Para isso foram enviados questionários online com 22 perguntas. Participaram dessa pesquisa 239 pessoas, a maioria do sexo feminino, com faixa etária entre 25 e 35 anos, com ensino superior completo, residentes principalmente em Curitiba/PR. Possuíam cão ou gato como animal de estimação, 57% dos respondentes, e em relação à quantidade de animais por respondente, o número médio de cães foi de 2,62 ± 1,35 e gatos de 1,56 ± 1,07. Tanto proprietários de cães como gatos, afirmaram praticar com regularidade a vacinação, administração de vermífugos e atendimento veterinário de seus animais. O acesso dos cães à rua foi realizado com coleira e guia por 50,53% dos respondentes. Em relação à zoonose, 62% afirmaram saber o que é e conseguiram citar um exemplo. Sobre a presença de animal solto no seu bairro, 78% dos respondentes afirmaram que sim, 49% observaram que há cães de rua que são mantidos por alguém e 71% afirmaram que o responsável pelo controle desses animais deve ser o governo e a sociedade. Diante das respostas obtidas, foi possível identificar que essa amostra populacional reconheceu seis tipos de zoonoses, percebeu a importância da guarda responsável de cães e gatos e afirmou que não haja um único responsável pelos cães de rua.

This study aimed to evaluate the perception of responsible custody, zoonosis, population control of cats and dogs and the situation of stray dogs in a sample of people belonging to the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná. For this online questionnaires with 22 questions was sent. 239 people participated in this survey, the majority were female, aged between 25-35 years with complete living mainly in Curitiba / PR higher education. They had a dog or cat as a pet, 57% of respondents, and relative to the amount of animals responding by, the average number of dogs was 2.62 ± 1.35 and 1.56 ± 1.07 for cats. Both dog owners like cats, practicing regularly said vaccination administration of wormers and vet care for their animals. The access of the street dogs was held with collar and leash by 50.53% of respondents. Regarding zoonosis, 62% claimed to know what it is and managed to cite an example. About the presence of loose animals in your neighborhood, 78% of respondents said yes, 49% noted that there stray dogs that are kept by someone, and 71% stated that the responsibility for controlling these animals should be the government and society. Given the responses, we found that this sample population recognized six types of zoonosis, realized the importance of responsible dog guard and cats and stated that there is no single responsible for stray dogs.

Segurança e eficácia do meloxicam associado à dipirona no tratamento da dor pós-operatória em cães / Safety and effectiveness of meloxicam associated to dipyrone in the treatment of post-surgical pain in dogs

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a segurança e eficácia da associação de dois fármacos em um único medicamento à base de meloxicam e dipirona no tratamento da dor em cães. Primeiramente, avaliou-se a segurança do medicamento em 24 cães, distribuídos em três grupos (n = 8). Para avaliação da eficácia, foram estudadas 36 cadelas, submetidas a operações eletivas de ovariectomia (OH), distribuídas em três grupos (n = 12). Nas duas etapas, o tratamento instituído foi o mesmo, e consistiu em: Grupo 1 ­ meloxicam 0,1mg/kg um vez ao dia (SID); Grupo 2 ­ meloxicam 0,1mg/kg + dipirona 25mg/kg SID e Grupo 3 ­ meloxicam 0,1mg/kg + dipirona 25mg/kg duas vezes ao dia (BID), sendo todos administrados por via oral. Na primeira etapa, os cães foram medicados por 28 dias consecutivos e exames hematológicos, urinálises e exames físicos foram realizados para avaliar possíveis efeitos colaterais das medicações. Na segunda etapa, as cadelas foram medicadas por cinco dias. A dor foi avaliada com base na escala de Glasgow e em exames físicos. Na primeira etapa, não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação aos exames laboratoriais. Não foram observadas alterações clínicas nos grupos 1 e 3, porém, em dois animais do Grupo 2, ocorreram vômito e diarreia. Na segunda etapa, não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação aos parâmetros clínicos e entre os escores de dor. A associação de meloxicam e dipirona, na dose de 0,1mg/kg e 25mg/kg, respectivamente, a cada 12 ou 24 horas, mostrou-se segura e eficaz no controle da dor pós-operatória em cães.

The present study aims to evaluate safety and effectiveness of a drug based on meloxicam associated to dipyrone. Animals were divided in three groups: Group 1 - meloxicam 0,1mg/kg, SID; Group 2 - meloxicam 0,1mg/kg + dipirona 25mg/kg, SID; Group 3 - meloxicam 0,1mg/kg + dipirona 25mg/kg, BID. To evaluate the clinical and laboratorial safety, 24 healthy adult dogs were treated orally for 28 consecutive days. Physical examines and blood and urine collections were made to valuate de presence of side effects of the drugs. To evaluate the effectiveness in controlling OH postoperative pain, 36 bitches were treated orally for five days. Pain assessment by the criteria of the Glasgow pain scale of canine pain and clinical exams were performed daily. In the first part of the survey, there was no laboratorial difference between groups. No clinical alteration was noticed in groups 1 and 3, but in Group 2 there were vomit and diarrhea en two animals. In the second part of the survey, there was no difference between clinical parameters and pain scores within each group, and no difference was found between groups in the physical examines. The association of meloxicam and dipyrone in dose of 0,1mg/kg + 25mg/kg, respectively, each 12 or 24 hours for up to 28 days, is safe and effectiveness in controlling post-surgical pain in dogs.

Comparison of two surgical techniques for creating an acute myocardial infarct in rats / Comparação de duas técnicas cirúrgicas para criar um infarto agudo do miocárdio em ratos

Objective: To perform a comparative assessment of two surgical techniques that are used creating an acute myocardial infarc by occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery in order to generate rats with a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 40%. Methods: The study was completely randomized and comprised 89 halothane-anaesthetised rats, which were divided into three groups. The control group (SHAM) comprised fourteen rats, whose left anterior descending coronary artery was not occluded. Group 1 (G1): comprised by 35 endotracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated rats, whose left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded. Group 2 (G2): comprised 40 rats being manually ventilated using a nasal respirator whose left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded. Other differences between the two techniques include the method of performing the thoracotomy and removing the pericardium in order to expose the heart, and the use of different methods and suture types for closing the thorax. Seven days after surgery, the cardiac function of all surviving rats was determined by echocardiography. Results: No rats SHAM group had progressed to death or had left ventricular ejection fraction less than 40%. Nine of the 16 surviving G1 rats (56.3%) and six of the 20 surviving G2 rats (30%) had a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 40%. Conclusion: The results indicate a tendency of the technique used in G1 to be better than in G2. This improvement is probably due to the greater duration of the open thorax, which reduces the pressure over time from the surgeon, allowing occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery with higher accuracy. .

Objetivo: Realizar uma avaliação comparativa de duas técnicas cirúrgicas que são usadas para criar um infarto agudo do miocárdio pela oclusão da artéria coronária descendente anterior esquerda, a fim de gerar ratos com uma fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda inferior a 40%. Métodos: O estudo foi completamente randomizado e composto por 89 ratos anestesiados com halotano, que foram divididos dentro de três grupos. O grupo controle (SHAM) composto por 14 ratos, cuja artéria coronária descendente anterior esquerda não foi ocluída. Grupo 1 (G1): composto por 35 ratos intubados endotraquealmente e ventilados mecanicamente, cuja artéria coronária descendente anterior esquerda foi ocluída. Grupo 2 (G2): constituído por 40 ratos sendo ventilados manualmente utilizando um respirador nasal, cuja artéria coronária descendente anterior esquerda foi ocluída. Outras diferenças entre as duas técnicas incluem o método de realizar a toracotomia e remover o pericárdio, a fim de expor o coração, e o uso de diferentes métodos e tipos de sutura para fechar o tórax. Sete dias após a cirurgia, a função cardíaca de todos os ratos sobreviventes foi determinada por ecocardiografia. Resultados: Nenhum rato do grupo SHAM foi a óbito ou teve fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda menor que 40%. Nove dos 16 ratos sobreviventes do G1 (56,3%) e seis dos 20 ratos sobreviventes do G2 (30%) tiveram uma fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda inferior a 40%. Conclusão: Os resultados indicam uma tendência da técnica utilizada no G1 ser melhor do que a do G2. Esta melhora deve-se provavelmente à maior duração do tórax aberto, o que reduz a pressão de tempo sobre o cirurgião, permitindo uma oclusão da artéria coronária descendente anterior esquerda com maior acurácia. .

Impacto do programa de esterilização cirúrgica na população de cães e gatos do município de São José dos Pinhais - PR / Impact of surgical sterilization program in the population of dogs and catsof the municipality in São José dos Pinhais – PR

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interferência do programa de esterilização cirúrgica na taxa de natalidade de gatas e cadelas,no período de julho de 2011 a julho de 2012, no município de São José dos Pinhais/PR, com base em estimativas populacionaisde cães e gatos realizadas por amostragem. Para estimar o número de cães e gatos do município, foram utilizados dados doInstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e resultados de trabalhos anteriores sobre as proporções de animais : ser humano,encontradas nas estimativas populacionais realizadas nos anos de 2006 e 2011. O número de esterilizações cirúrgicas realizadasno período foi obtido junto à Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente do município e os resultados analisados por meio de estatísticadescritiva. A população estimada foi de 58.376 e 98.000 cães e 11.675 e 18.000 gatos em 2006 e 2011, respectivamente. Foramesterilizados no período um total de 935 animais, sendo 672/935 (71,87%) cães e 263/935 (28,12%) gatos, representando672/98.000 (0,68%) e 263/18.000 (1,46%) da população total estimada. Dentre os cães, 543/672 (80,2%) eram fêmeas e 129/672(19,2%) machos e dos gatos, 174/263 (66,16%) eram fêmeas e 89/263 (33,84%) machos. Calcula-se que foram evitados com asesterilizações das fêmeas o total de 4.803 novos filhotes (impacto de 2,86% sob o número total de cães e 11,60% sob o númerototal de gatos domiciliados e semi-domiciliados estimados em 2011). Diante dos resultados, observa-se a necessidade de açõesde conscientização à guarda responsável de animais e adesão ao programa de esterilização.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the interference of the program for surgical sterilization in the birth rate of cats and dogs,from July 2011 to July 2012, in São José dos Pinhais/PR, based on population estimates dogs and cats carried out at random. Toestimate the number of dogs and cats in the municipality, we used data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics andresults of previous work on the proportions of animals: human, found in the population estimates made in the years 2006 and 2011the number of surgical sterilizations performed in the period was obtained from the Municipal Secretariat of Environment of themunicipality and the results analyzed using descriptive statistics. The estimated population was 58.376 and 98.000 dogs and 11.675cats and 18.000 in 2006 and 2011, respectively. A total of 935 animals were sterilized during the period, with 672/935 (71,87%) dogsand 263/935 (28,12%) cats, representing 672/98.000 (0,68%) and 263/18.000 (1,46%) of the total estimated population. Among thedogs, 543/672 (80,2%) were females and 129/672 (19,2%) males and cats, 174/263 (66,16%) were females and 89/263 (33,84%)males. It is estimated that were prevented by the sterilization of females total 4.803 new pups (2,86% impact on the total numberof dogs and 11,60% in the total number of cats and semi-resident residing estimated in 2011). Given the results, there is a needfor awareness actions to responsible pet keeping and adherence to sterilization program.

Comparison of two surgical techniques for creating an acute myocardial infarct in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a comparative assessment of two surgical techniques that are used creating an acute myocardial infarc by occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery in order to generate rats with a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 40%. METHODS: The study was completely randomized and comprised 89 halothane-anaesthetised rats, which were divided into three groups. The control group (SHAM) comprised fourteen rats, whose left anterior descending coronary artery was not occluded. Group 1 (G1): comprised by 35 endotracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated rats, whose left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded. Group 2 (G2): comprised 40 rats being manually ventilated using a nasal respirator whose left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded. Other differences between the two techniques include the method of performing the thoracotomy and removing the pericardium in order to expose the heart, and the use of different methods and suture types for closing the thorax. Seven days after surgery, the cardiac function of all surviving rats was determined by echocardiography. RESULTS: No rats SHAM group had progressed to death or had left ventricular ejection fraction less than 40%. Nine of the 16 surviving G1 rats (56.3%) and six of the 20 surviving G2 rats (30%) had a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 40%. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a tendency of the technique used in G1 to be better than in G2. This improvement is probably due to the greater duration of the open thorax, which reduces the pressure over time from the surgeon, allowing occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery with higher accuracy.

Exposure of Ancistrus multispinis (Regan, 1912, Pisces, Teleostei) to deltamethrin: effects on cellular immunity.

The objective of this study performed in Ancistrus multispinis was to evaluate whether sublethal doses of deltamethrin (DM) could affect lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity and the production of nitric oxide (NO) by kidney macrophages exposed to LPS and/or DM. For cell migration studies, 10 fish were exposed to DM 0.1 or 0.3 mg kg(-1) or vehicle for 96 h. After this period, each group received LPS (0.1 microg kg(-1)) or saline and the cells were collected after 4h. For the production of NO, kidney macrophages were isolated from eight fish and the cells were incubated for 24 or 48 h with LPS (10 microg mL(-1)) and DM (0.3 and 1 microg mL(-1)). The results were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons test. A small leukocyte population (530+/-30.8 cells microL(-1)) was naturally observed in the peritoneal cavity, however after inoculation of LPS, the number of leukocytes was increased by 157%. For the fish treated with DM 0.1 and 0.3 mg kg(-1), total leukocytes had increased by 100 and 162%, respectively. The combination of LPS with the higher dose of DM showed a potentiating or additive effect. The production of NO was increased in all the treated groups in relation to the control group. The group DM 1 microg mL(-1) was also increased in relation to other groups. The "in vitro" method can be used to evaluate the potential effects of toxic agents on the fish immune system. Therefore, we can conclude that DM could increase the NO production of A. multispinis.